Ubuntu 24.04 全栈开发环境搭建手册

适用系统: Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble Numbat)
编写日期: 2026-06-25
目标: 从零开始搭建 Nginx + 多版本 PHP + MySQL + Redis + MongoDB + Node.js + 多版本 JDK 完整开发环境

目录

1. 系统初始化与依赖安装
2. Nginx 安装与配置
3. 多版本 PHP 安装与配置
4. MySQL 安装与配置
5. Redis 安装与配置
6. MongoDB 安装与配置
7. Node.js 安装与配置
8. 多版本 JDK 安装与配置
9. 开机自启动配置汇总
10. 常见问题与解决方案
11. 环境验证汇总

一、系统初始化与依赖安装

1.1 更新系统源

# 更新系统包索引
sudo apt update

# 升级所有已安装包
sudo apt upgrade -y

# 安装系统基础工具
sudo apt install -y     curl     wget     gnupg2     ca-certificates     lsb-release     apt-transport-https     software-properties-common     build-essential     dpkg-dev     autoconf     automake     libtool     pkg-config     git     unzip     zip     tar     vim     nano     htop     net-tools     telnet     dnsutils     locales

1.2 配置系统语言环境

# 设置 UTF-8 编码
sudo locale-gen en_US.UTF-8 zh_CN.UTF-8
sudo update-locale LANG=en_US.UTF-8

# 验证
locale

1.3 安装编译依赖（为后续源码编译做准备）

sudo apt install -y     gcc     g++     make     cmake     libssl-dev     libcurl4-openssl-dev     libxml2-dev     libjpeg-dev     libpng-dev     libfreetype6-dev     libzip-dev     libonig-dev     libsqlite3-dev     libreadline-dev     libncurses5-dev     libncursesw5-dev     libbz2-dev     libffi-dev     zlib1g-dev     libpq-dev     libkrb5-dev     libicu-dev     libldap2-dev     libsasl2-dev     libmemcached-dev     libevent-dev     libpcre2-dev     libgd-dev     libxslt1-dev     libwebp-dev     libxpm-dev     libvpx-dev     libenchant-2-dev     libgmp-dev     libtidy-dev     libsnmp-dev     libdb-dev     libgdbm-dev     libargon2-dev     libsodium-dev     libmagickwand-dev

1.4 添加必要的第三方源

# 添加 Ondřej Surý 的 PHP PPA（支持多版本 PHP）
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ondrej/php

# 添加 NodeSource 的 Node.js 源
# (Node.js 将在第七节单独安装)

# 更新源
sudo apt update

二、Nginx 安装与配置

2.1 安装 Nginx

# 安装 Nginx
sudo apt install -y nginx

# 验证安装
nginx -v

预期输出:

nginx version: nginx/1.24.0 (Ubuntu)

2.2 配置 Nginx

# 备份默认配置
sudo cp /etc/nginx/nginx.conf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf.bak

# 编辑主配置
sudo tee /etc/nginx/nginx.conf << 'EOF'
user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /etc/nginx/modules-enabled/*.conf;

events {
    worker_connections 4096;
    multi_accept on;
    use epoll;
}

http {
    # 基础设置
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;
    server_tokens off;

    # MIME 类型
    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;

    # SSL 设置
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

    # 日志格式
    log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                    '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                    '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;

    # Gzip 压缩
    gzip on;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_proxied any;
    gzip_comp_level 6;
    gzip_types text/plain text/css text/xml application/json application/javascript application/rss+xml application/atom+xml image/svg+xml;

    # 虚拟主机配置
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}
EOF

# 创建 PHP 通用 FastCGI 配置
sudo tee /etc/nginx/snippets/fastcgi-php.conf << 'EOF'
# PHP FastCGI 通用配置
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_path_info;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fastcgi_params;
EOF

# 创建默认站点配置（适配多版本 PHP）
sudo tee /etc/nginx/sites-available/default << 'EOF'
server {
    listen 80 default_server;
    listen [::]:80 default_server;

    root /var/www/html;
    index index.php index.html index.htm;

    server_name _;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    # PHP 8.2 默认处理（通过 unix socket）
    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php8.2-fpm.sock;
    }

    location ~ /\.ht {
        deny all;
    }
}
EOF

# 创建测试页面
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/html
sudo tee /var/www/html/index.php << 'EOF'
<?php
phpinfo();
EOF

# 设置权限
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html
sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/html

# 测试配置并重启
sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl restart nginx
sudo systemctl enable nginx

2.3 验证 Nginx

# 检查服务状态
sudo systemctl status nginx

# 测试访问
curl -I http://localhost

预期输出:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx

三、多版本 PHP 安装与配置

3.1 安装所有 PHP 版本

# 定义 PHP 版本数组
PHP_VERSIONS=("7.4" "8.1" "8.2" "8.3" "8.4")

# 安装所有版本的 PHP 及常用扩展
for ver in "${PHP_VERSIONS[@]}"; do
    echo "========================================"
    echo "正在安装 PHP ${ver}..."
    echo "========================================"

    sudo apt install -y         php${ver}-fpm         php${ver}-cli         php${ver}-common         php${ver}-curl         php${ver}-gd         php${ver}-mbstring         php${ver}-mysql         php${ver}-xml         php${ver}-zip         php${ver}-bcmath         php${ver}-intl         php${ver}-opcache         php${ver}-readline         php${ver}-sqlite3         php${ver}-tokenizer         php${ver}-xmlwriter         php${ver}-xmlreader         php${ver}-ctype         php${ver}-fileinfo         php${ver}-pdo         php${ver}-pdo-mysql         php${ver}-pdo-sqlite         php${ver}-phar         php${ver}-posix         php${ver}-sockets         php${ver}-iconv         php${ver}-dom         php${ver}-simplexml         php${ver}-exif         php${ver}-ffi         php${ver}-ftp         php${ver}-gettext         php${ver}-gmp         php${ver}-soap         php${ver}-xsl         php${ver}-ldap         php${ver}-imap         php${ver}-tidy         php${ver}-xsl         php${ver}-redis         php${ver}-mongodb         php${ver}-imagick         php${ver}-memcached         php${ver}-xdebug || true

    echo "PHP ${ver} 安装完成"
    echo ""
done

3.2 配置各版本 PHP-FPM

# 为每个 PHP 版本配置 FPM
for ver in "${PHP_VERSIONS[@]}"; do
    FPM_CONF="/etc/php/${ver}/fpm/pool.d/www.conf"

    if [ -f "$FPM_CONF" ]; then
        # 备份原始配置
        sudo cp "$FPM_CONF" "${FPM_CONF}.bak"

        # 修改监听方式为用户
        sudo sed -i "s|^listen = .*|listen = /run/php/php${ver}-fpm.sock|" "$FPM_CONF"

        # 设置 socket 权限
        sudo sed -i 's/^;listen.owner = .*/listen.owner = www-data/' "$FPM_CONF"
        sudo sed -i 's/^;listen.group = .*/listen.group = www-data/' "$FPM_CONF"
        sudo sed -i 's/^;listen.mode = .*/listen.mode = 0660/' "$FPM_CONF"

        # 设置运行用户
        sudo sed -i 's/^user = .*/user = www-data/' "$FPM_CONF"
        sudo sed -i 's/^group = .*/group = www-data/' "$FPM_CONF"

        # 启用并启动 FPM
        sudo systemctl enable php${ver}-fpm
        sudo systemctl restart php${ver}-fpm
    fi
done

3.3 创建 PHP 版本切换工具

# 创建 PHP 版本切换脚本
sudo tee /usr/local/bin/php-switch << 'EOF'
#!/bin/bash
# PHP 版本切换工具

VERSION=$1

if [ -z "$VERSION" ]; then
    echo "用法: php-switch <版本号>"
    echo "可用版本: 7.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4"
    echo "当前默认 PHP 版本:"
    php -v | head -1
    exit 1
fi

# 检查版本是否存在
if [ ! -f "/usr/bin/php${VERSION}" ]; then
    echo "错误: PHP ${VERSION} 未安装"
    exit 1
fi

# 更新 alternatives
sudo update-alternatives --set php /usr/bin/php${VERSION}
sudo update-alternatives --set phar /usr/bin/phar${VERSION}
sudo update-alternatives --set phar.phar /usr/bin/phar.phar${VERSION}

# 更新默认 FPM 配置（Nginx 默认使用 php8.2-fpm.sock）
# 如需切换 Nginx 默认 PHP 版本，手动修改 /etc/nginx/sites-available/default

echo "PHP 默认版本已切换为 ${VERSION}"
php -v | head -1
EOF

sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/php-switch

# 配置 alternatives
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/php php /usr/bin/php7.4 74
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/php php /usr/bin/php8.1 81
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/php php /usr/bin/php8.2 82
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/php php /usr/bin/php8.3 83
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/php php /usr/bin/php8.4 84

sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/phar phar /usr/bin/phar7.4 74
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/phar phar /usr/bin/phar8.1 81
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/phar phar /usr/bin/phar8.2 82
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/phar phar /usr/bin/phar8.3 83
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/phar phar /usr/bin/phar8.4 84

# 设置默认版本为 PHP 8.2
sudo update-alternatives --set php /usr/bin/php8.2

3.4 配置 Nginx 多版本 PHP 站点示例

# 创建按端口区分的多版本 PHP 测试站点

# PHP 7.4 测试站点 (端口 8174)
sudo tee /etc/nginx/sites-available/php74 << 'EOF'
server {
    listen 8174;
    root /var/www/html;
    index index.php;

    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.4-fpm.sock;
    }
}
EOF

# PHP 8.1 测试站点 (端口 8181)
sudo tee /etc/nginx/sites-available/php81 << 'EOF'
server {
    listen 8181;
    root /var/www/html;
    index index.php;

    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php8.1-fpm.sock;
    }
}
EOF

# PHP 8.2 测试站点 (端口 8182)
sudo tee /etc/nginx/sites-available/php82 << 'EOF'
server {
    listen 8182;
    root /var/www/html;
    index index.php;

    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php8.2-fpm.sock;
    }
}
EOF

# PHP 8.3 测试站点 (端口 8183)
sudo tee /etc/nginx/sites-available/php83 << 'EOF'
server {
    listen 8183;
    root /var/www/html;
    index index.php;

    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php8.3-fpm.sock;
    }
}
EOF

# PHP 8.4 测试站点 (端口 8184)
sudo tee /etc/nginx/sites-available/php84 << 'EOF'
server {
    listen 8184;
    root /var/www/html;
    index index.php;

    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php8.4-fpm.sock;
    }
}
EOF

# 启用站点
for ver in 74 81 82 83 84; do
    sudo ln -sf /etc/nginx/sites-available/php${ver} /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/php${ver}
done

# 测试并重载 Nginx
sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginx

3.5 验证 PHP 安装

# 查看所有已安装 PHP 版本
for ver in 7.4 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4; do
    if [ -f "/usr/bin/php${ver}" ]; then
        echo "=== PHP ${ver} ==="
        php${ver} -v | head -1
        echo "FPM 状态:"
        sudo systemctl is-active php${ver}-fpm
        echo ""
    fi
done

# 测试默认 PHP 版本
php -v

# 测试各版本通过 Nginx 访问
echo "测试 PHP 8.2 (默认):"
curl -s http://localhost | grep -o 'PHP Version [0-9.]*' | head -1

echo "测试 PHP 7.4 (端口 8174):"
curl -s http://localhost:8174 | grep -o 'PHP Version [0-9.]*' | head -1
echo "测试 PHP 8.1 (端口 8181):"
curl -s http://localhost:8181 | grep -o 'PHP Version [0-9.]*' | head -1
echo "测试 PHP 8.3 (端口 8183):"
curl -s http://localhost:8183 | grep -o 'PHP Version [0-9.]*' | head -1
echo "测试 PHP 8.4 (端口 8184):"
curl -s http://localhost:8184 | grep -o 'PHP Version [0-9.]*' | head -1

四、MySQL 安装与配置

4.1 安装 MySQL

# 安装 MySQL Server 和客户端
sudo apt install -y mysql-server mysql-client

# 验证安装
mysql --version

预期输出:

mysql  Ver 8.0.36-0ubuntu0.24.04.1 for Linux on x86_64 ((Ubuntu))

4.2 安全配置

# 运行安全脚本
sudo mysql_secure_installation

交互式配置建议:

• VALIDATE PASSWORD COMPONENT: Y (选择 MEDIUM 或 STRONG)
• 设置 root 密码
• Remove anonymous users: Y
• Disallow root login remotely: Y (根据需求)
• Remove test database: Y
• Reload privilege tables: Y

4.3 配置 MySQL

# 编辑 MySQL 配置
sudo tee /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld_custom.cnf << 'EOF'
[mysqld]
# 基础配置
bind-address = 127.0.0.1
port = 3306
user = mysql

# 字符集
character-set-server = utf8mb4
collation-server = utf8mb4_unicode_ci

# InnoDB 配置
default_storage_engine = InnoDB
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 256M
innodb_log_file_size = 64M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT

# 连接配置
max_connections = 200
wait_timeout = 600
interactive_timeout = 600

# 日志配置
slow_query_log = 1
slow_query_log_file = /var/log/mysql/slow.log
long_query_time = 2

# 安全配置
local_infile = 0
skip-symbolic-links
EOF

# 创建日志目录
sudo mkdir -p /var/log/mysql
sudo chown mysql:mysql /var/log/mysql

# 重启 MySQL
sudo systemctl restart mysql
sudo systemctl enable mysql

4.4 开启 root 用户的远程登录

# 1. 修改 mysql 配置文件中的 绑定 IP
sudo vim /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld_custom.cnf  
# 将配置文件中的  bind-address = 127.0.0.1  修改为 bind-address = 0.0.0.0

# 2. 本地登录 MySQL
sudo mysql

# 3. 新增 mysql 用户 root， 使得该 root 用户可以远程登录，这里示例的密码为 Root123456!
CREATE USER 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED WITH caching_sha2_password BY 'Root123456!';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' WITH GRANT OPTION;
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
EXIT;

# 4. 重启 mysql 服务
sudo systemctl restart mysql

4.5 创建开发用户和数据库

# 创建开发用户 (替换 your_password 为实际密码)
sudo mysql -e "CREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS 'devuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_password';"
sudo mysql -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'devuser'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;"
sudo mysql -e "FLUSH PRIVILEGES;"

# 创建测试数据库
sudo mysql -e "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS dev_db CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;"
sudo mysql -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON dev_db.* TO 'devuser'@'localhost';"
sudo mysql -e "FLUSH PRIVILEGES;"

# 验证
mysql -u devuser -p -e "SHOW DATABASES;"

4.6 验证 MySQL

# 检查服务状态
sudo systemctl status mysql

# 测试连接
mysql -u root -p -e "SELECT VERSION();"

五、Redis 安装与配置

5.1 安装 Redis

# 安装 Redis
sudo apt install -y redis-server

# 验证安装
redis-server --version

预期输出:

Redis server v=7.0.15 sha=00000000:0 malloc=jemalloc-5.3.0 bits=64 build=...

5.2 配置 Redis

# 备份默认配置
sudo cp /etc/redis/redis.conf /etc/redis/redis.conf.bak

# 编辑配置
sudo tee /etc/redis/redis.conf << 'EOF'
# Redis 基础配置
bind 0.0.0.0
port 6379
protected-mode no

# 持久化配置
save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000
stop-writes-on-bgsave-error yes
rdbcompression yes
rdbchecksum yes
dbfilename dump.rdb
dir /var/lib/redis

# AOF 持久化
appendonly yes
appendfilename "appendonly.aof"
appendfsync everysec
no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no
auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100
auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb

# 内存管理
maxmemory 256mb
maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru

# 日志
loglevel notice
logfile /var/log/redis/redis-server.log

# 安全
rename-command FLUSHDB ""
rename-command FLUSHALL ""
EOF

# 创建日志目录
sudo mkdir -p /var/log/redis
sudo chown redis:redis /var/log/redis

# 重启 Redis
sudo systemctl restart redis-server
sudo systemctl enable redis-server

5.3 验证 Redis

# 检查服务状态
sudo systemctl status redis-server

# 测试连接
redis-cli ping

# 测试基本操作
redis-cli set test_key "Hello Redis"
redis-cli get test_key
redis-cli del test_key

预期输出:

PONG
OK
"Hello Redis"
(integer) 1

六、MongoDB 安装与配置

6.1 安装 MongoDB

# 导入 MongoDB GPG 密钥，实测有问题
# curl -fsSL https://pgp.mongodb.com/server-7.0.asc |     sudo gpg -o /usr/share/keyrings/mongodb-server-7.0.gpg --dearmor

# 添加 MongoDB 源，实测有问题
# echo "deb [ arch=amd64,arm64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/mongodb-server-7.0.gpg ] https://repo.mongodb.org/apt/ubuntu noble/mongodb-org/7.0 multiverse" |     sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mongodb-org-7.0.list

# 更新并安装
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y mongodb-org

# 验证安装
mongod --version

预期输出:

db version v7.0.6
Build Info: ...

6.2 配置 MongoDB

# 创建数据目录
sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/mongodb
sudo chown -R mongodb:mongodb /var/lib/mongodb

# 创建日志目录
sudo mkdir -p /var/log/mongodb
sudo chown -R mongodb:mongodb /var/log/mongodb

# 编辑配置
sudo tee /etc/mongod.conf << 'EOF'
# MongoDB 配置文件
storage:
  dbPath: /var/lib/mongodb
  engine: wiredTiger
  wiredTiger:
    engineConfig:
      cacheSizeGB: 1

systemLog:
  destination: file
  logAppend: true
  path: /var/log/mongodb/mongod.log

net:
  port: 27017
  bindIp: 0.0.0.0

processManagement:
  timeZoneInfo: /usr/share/zoneinfo

security:
  authorization: enabled

replication:
  oplogSizeMB: 128
EOF

# 启动 MongoDB
sudo systemctl start mongod
sudo systemctl enable mongod

6.3 创建管理员用户

# 进入 ongoDB shell 创建管理员
mongosh << 'EOF'
use admin
db.createUser({
    user: "admin",
    pwd: "admin123456",
    roles: [
        { role: "userAdminAnyDatabase", db: "admin" },
        { role: "dbAdminAnyDatabase", db: "admin" },
        { role: "readWriteAnyDatabase", db: "admin" }
    ]
})
EOF

6.4 验证 MongoDB

# 检查服务状态
sudo systemctl status mongod

# 测试连接
mongosh -u devuser -p your_password --authenticationDatabase dev_db --eval "db.runCommand({connectionStatus: 1})"

预期输出:

{
  "authInfo": { ... },
  "ok": 1
}

七、Node.js 安装与配置

7.1 安装 Node.js (LTS 版本)

# 安装 NodeSource 源并安装 Node.js 20.x LTS
curl -fsSL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_20.x | sudo -E bash -
sudo apt install -y nodejs

# 验证安装
node --version
npm --version

预期输出:

v20.12.2
10.5.0

7.2 配置 npm

# 配置 npm 使用国内镜像（可选）
npm config set registry https://registry.npmmirror.com

# 安装全局常用工具
sudo npm install -g pm2
sudo npm install -g yarn
sudo npm install -g pnpm
sudo npm install -g @angular/cli
sudo npm install -g @vue/cli
sudo npm install -g typescript
sudo npm install -g ts-node
sudo npm install -g nodemon
sudo npm install -g webpack
sudo npm install -g webpack-cli
sudo npm install -g eslint
sudo npm install -g prettier

# 验证全局安装
npm list -g --depth=0

7.3 配置 PM2 开机自启

# 配置 PM2 开机自启
sudo env PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin pm2 startup systemd -u $USER --hp $HOME

# 保存 PM2 配置
pm2 save

7.4 验证 Node.js

# 创建测试脚本
cat > /tmp/test-node.js << 'EOF'
const http = require('http');
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
    res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain' });
    res.end('Node.js is running!\n');
});
server.listen(3000, () => {
    console.log('Server running at http://localhost:3000/');
});
EOF

# 运行测试
node /tmp/test-node.js &
sleep 2
curl http://localhost:3000
kill %1

预期输出:

Node.js is running!

八、多版本 JDK 安装与配置

8.1 安装 OpenJDK 多版本

# 安装所有 JDK 版本
sudo apt install -y     openjdk-8-jdk     openjdk-11-jdk     openjdk-17-jdk     openjdk-21-jdk

# JDK 25 需要从 Oracle 或其他源下载（Ubuntu 24.04 官方源可能暂无 JDK 25）
# 如需 JDK 25，请从 Oracle 官网下载或使用 SDKMAN 安装

8.2 使用 SDKMAN 安装 JDK 25（推荐方案）

# 安装 SDKMAN
curl -s "https://get.sdkman.io" | bash
source "$HOME/.sdkman/bin/sdkman-init.sh"

# 使用 SDKMAN 安装 JDK 25
sdk install java 25-open

# 验证 SDKMAN 安装
sdk list java | grep "25\."

8.3 配置 JDK 版本管理

# 配置 alternatives 管理 JDK
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64/bin/java 1081
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/bin/java 1111
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /usr/lib/jvm/java-17-openjdk-amd64/bin/java 1171
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64/bin/java 1211

# 如果通过 SDKMAN 安装了 JDK 25
if [ -d "$HOME/.sdkman/candidates/java/25-open" ]; then
    sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java $HOME/.sdkman/candidates/java/25-open/bin/java 1251
fi

# 配置 javac alternatives
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/javac javac /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64/bin/javac 1081
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/javac javac /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/bin/javac 1111
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/javac javac /usr/lib/jvm/java-17-openjdk-amd64/bin/javac 1171
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/javac javac /usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64/bin/javac 1211

if [ -d "$HOME/.sdkman/candidates/java/25-open" ]; then
    sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/javac javac $HOME/.sdkman/candidates/java/25-open/bin/javac 1251
fi

# 配置 jar、javadoc 等工具
for cmd in jar jarsigner javap jcmd jconsole jdb jdeprscan jdeps jfr jhsdb jimage jinfo jlink jmap jmod jpackage jps jrunscript jshell jstack jstat jstatd keytool rmid rmiregistry serialver; do
    sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/$cmd $cmd /usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64/bin/$cmd 1211 || true
done

# 设置默认 JDK 为 21
sudo update-alternatives --set java /usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64/bin/java
sudo update-alternatives --set javac /usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64/bin/javac

8.4 创建 JDK 版本切换工具

sudo vim ./.bashrc

# 编辑 .bashrc 文件，灵活打开 注释，启用对应版本的 JDK
# JDK8、JDK11、JDK17、JDK21、JDK25
#
# export JAVA_HOME="/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64"
# export JAVA_HOME="/usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64"
# export JAVA_HOME="/usr/lib/jvm/java-17-openjdk-amd64"
export JAVA_HOME="/usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64"
# export JAVA_HOME="$HOME/.sdkman/candidates/java/25-open"
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH

source ./.bashrc
java -version

8.5 安装 Maven 和 Gradle

# 安装 Maven
sudo apt install -y maven

# 安装 Gradle
sudo apt install -y gradle

# 验证
mvn -version
gradle -version

九、开机自启动配置汇总

9.1 验证所有服务开机自启状态

# 检查所有服务状态
echo "=== Nginx ==="
sudo systemctl is-enabled nginx

echo "=== MySQL ==="
sudo systemctl is-enabled mysql

echo "=== Redis ==="
sudo systemctl is-enabled redis-server

echo "=== MongoDB ==="
sudo systemctl is-enabled mongod

# 检查 PHP-FPM 各版本
for ver in 7.4 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4; do
    if systemctl list-unit-files | grep -q "php${ver}-fpm"; then
        echo "=== PHP ${ver} FPM ==="
        sudo systemctl is-enabled php${ver}-fpm
    fi
done

9.2 创建服务状态检查脚本

sudo tee /usr/local/bin/dev-status << 'EOF'
#!/bin/bash
# 开发环境服务状态检查

echo "========================================"
echo "    开发环境服务状态检查"
echo "========================================"
echo ""

# 颜色定义
GREEN='\033[0;32m'
RED='\033[0;31m'
NC='\033[0m'

check_service() {
    local name=$1
    local service=$2
    local status=$(sudo systemctl is-active $service 2>/dev/null)

    if [ "$status" = "active" ]; then
        echo -e "${GREEN}✓${NC} $name: 运行中"
    else
        echo -e "${RED}✗${NC} $name: 未运行 ($status)"
    fi
}

check_service "Nginx" "nginx"
check_service "MySQL" "mysql"
check_service "Redis" "redis-server"
check_service "MongoDB" "mongod"

for ver in 7.4 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4; do
    if systemctl list-unit-files | grep -q "php${ver}-fpm"; then
        check_service "PHP ${ver} FPM" "php${ver}-fpm"
    fi
done

echo ""
echo "========================================"
echo "默认 PHP 版本:"
php -v | head -1

echo ""
echo "默认 JDK 版本:"
java -version 2>&1 | head -1
echo "========================================"
EOF

sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/dev-status

十、常见问题与解决方案

10.1 PHP 相关问题

问题 1: add-apt-repository: command not found

原因: 缺少 software-properties-common 包

解决:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y software-properties-common

问题 2: PHP 扩展安装失败

原因: 某些扩展在特定 PHP 版本中名称不同或不可用

解决:

# 查看可用扩展
apt-cache search php8.2 | grep "^php8.2-"

# 单独安装失败的扩展
sudo apt install -y php8.2-xxx || echo "扩展不可用，跳过"

问题 3: PHP-FPM 无法启动

原因: 端口或 socket 被占用，或配置错误

解决:

# 检查错误日志
sudo tail -f /var/log/php8.2-fpm.log

# 检查 socket 文件
ls -la /run/php/

# 重启所有 FPM
for ver in 7.4 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4; do
    sudo systemctl restart php${ver}-fpm 2>/dev/null || true
done

问题 4: Nginx 连接 PHP-FPM 返回 502

原因: PHP-FPM socket 权限不正确

解决:

# 检查 socket 权限
ls -la /run/php/php8.2-fpm.sock

# 修复权限
sudo chown www-data:www-data /run/php/php8.2-fpm.sock
sudo chmod 660 /run/php/php8.2-fpm.sock

# 重启服务
sudo systemctl restart php8.2-fpm nginx

10.2 MySQL 相关问题

问题 5: MySQL 无法启动

原因: 数据目录权限问题或端口被占用

解决:

# 检查端口占用
sudo netstat -tlnp | grep 3306

# 检查权限
sudo ls -la /var/lib/mysql
sudo chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql

# 查看错误日志
sudo tail -f /var/log/mysql/error.log

# 重新初始化（数据会丢失！）
sudo mysqld --initialize --user=mysql

问题 6: 忘记 MySQL root 密码

解决:

# 停止 MySQL
sudo systemctl stop mysql

# 以安全模式启动
sudo mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables &

# 无密码登录并重置
sudo mysql -u root

# 在 MySQL 中执行:
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'new_password';
EXIT;

# 重启 MySQL
sudo killall mysqld
sudo systemctl start mysql

10.3 MongoDB 相关问题

问题 7: MongoDB 安装失败

原因: Ubuntu 24.04 可能需要特定版本的 MongoDB 源

解决:

# 如果官方源不可用，尝试安装 mongodb 包（非官方）
sudo apt install -y mongodb

# 或使用 Docker 运行 MongoDB
sudo apt install -y docker.io
sudo docker run -d --name mongodb -p 27017:27017 mongo:7.0

问题 8: MongoDB 认证失败

原因: 用户未创建或密码错误

解决:

# 临时关闭认证
sudo sed -i 's/authorization: enabled/authorization: disabled/' /etc/mongod.conf
sudo systemctl restart mongod

# 重新创建用户
mongosh
# use admin
# db.createUser({user: "admin", pwd: "password", roles: ["root"]})

# 重新启用认证
sudo sed -i 's/authorization: disabled/authorization: enabled/' /etc/mongod.conf
sudo systemctl restart mongod

10.4 Redis 相关问题

问题 9: Redis 连接被拒绝

原因: Redis 只绑定到 127.0.0.1 或 protected-mode 开启

解决:

# 检查配置
sudo grep -E "bind|protected-mode" /etc/redis/redis.conf

# 如需远程访问（注意安全）
sudo sed -i 's/bind 127.0.0.1/bind 0.0.0.0/' /etc/redis/redis.conf
sudo sed -i 's/protected-mode yes/protected-mode no/' /etc/redis/redis.conf

# 设置密码
sudo tee -a /etc/redis/redis.conf << 'EOF'
requirepass your_redis_password
EOF

sudo systemctl restart redis-server

10.5 Node.js 相关问题

问题 10: npm 全局安装权限错误

原因: npm 默认使用系统目录

解决:

# 方案 1: 使用 sudo
sudo npm install -g <package>

# 方案 2: 更改 npm 全局目录
mkdir ~/.npm-global
npm config set prefix '~/.npm-global'
echo 'export PATH=~/.npm-global/bin:$PATH' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc

问题 11: Node.js 版本冲突

解决:

# 安装 nvm 管理多版本
curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.39.7/install.sh | bash
source ~/.bashrc

# 安装其他版本
nvm install 18
nvm install 20
nvm use 20

10.6 JDK 相关问题

问题 12: JDK 25 无法通过 apt 安装

原因: Ubuntu 24.04 官方源可能尚未包含 JDK 25

解决:

# 方案 1: 使用 SDKMAN（已在手册中包含）
curl -s "https://get.sdkman.io" | bash
source "$HOME/.sdkman/bin/sdkman-init.sh"
sdk install java 25-open

# 方案 2: 手动下载 Oracle JDK 25
wget https://download.oracle.com/java/25/latest/jdk-25_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz
sudo tar -xzf jdk-25_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz -C /usr/lib/jvm/
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-25/bin/java 1251

问题 13: JAVA_HOME 未设置

解决:

# 临时设置
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH

# 永久设置
echo 'export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64' >> ~/.bashrc
echo 'export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc

10.7 Nginx 相关问题

问题 14: Nginx 端口冲突

原因: 80 端口被 Apache 或其他服务占用

解决:

# 查找占用 80 端口的进程
sudo netstat -tlnp | grep :80
sudo lsof -i :80

# 停止 Apache
sudo systemctl stop apache2
sudo systemctl disable apache2

# 重启 Nginx
sudo systemctl restart nginx

问题 15: Nginx 配置测试失败

解决:

# 查看详细错误
sudo nginx -t

# 检查配置文件语法
sudo nginx -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf -t

# 恢复默认配置
sudo cp /etc/nginx/nginx.conf.bak /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
sudo nginx -t && sudo systemctl restart nginx

十一、环境验证汇总

11.1 一键验证脚本

sudo tee /usr/local/bin/dev-verify << 'EOF'
#!/bin/bash
# 开发环境一键验证脚本

echo "========================================"
echo "   Ubuntu 24.04 开发环境验证报告"
echo "========================================"
echo ""

PASS=0
FAIL=0

test_cmd() {
    local name=$1
    local cmd=$2
    local expect=$3

    echo -n "测试 $name ... "
    result=$(eval "$cmd" 2>&1)

    if echo "$result" | grep -q "$expect"; then
        echo "✓ 通过"
        ((PASS++))
    else
        echo "✗ 失败"
        echo "  输出: $result"
        ((FAIL++))
    fi
}

# Nginx
test_cmd "Nginx" "nginx -v 2>&1" "nginx version"

# PHP 各版本
for ver in 7.4 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4; do
    if [ -f "/usr/bin/php${ver}" ]; then
        test_cmd "PHP ${ver}" "php${ver} -v" "PHP ${ver}"
    fi
done

# MySQL
test_cmd "MySQL" "mysql --version" "mysql"

# Redis
test_cmd "Redis" "redis-server --version" "Redis server"

# MongoDB
test_cmd "MongoDB" "mongod --version 2>&1 | head -1" "db version"

# Node.js
test_cmd "Node.js" "node --version" "v20"

# JDK
test_cmd "JDK" "java -version 2>&1 | head -1" "openjdk version"

# 服务状态
echo ""
echo "--- 服务运行状态 ---"
for svc in nginx mysql redis-server mongod; do
    status=$(sudo systemctl is-active $svc 2>/dev/null)
    if [ "$status" = "active" ]; then
        echo "✓ $svc: 运行中"
        ((PASS++))
    else
        echo "✗ $svc: 未运行"
        ((FAIL++))
    fi
done

# PHP-FPM 状态
for ver in 7.4 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4; do
    if systemctl list-unit-files | grep -q "php${ver}-fpm"; then
        status=$(sudo systemctl is-active php${ver}-fpm 2>/dev/null)
        if [ "$status" = "active" ]; then
            echo "✓ PHP ${ver} FPM: 运行中"
            ((PASS++))
        else
            echo "✗ PHP ${ver} FPM: 未运行"
            ((FAIL++))
        fi
    fi
done

echo ""
echo "========================================"
echo "通过: $PASS, 失败: $FAIL"
echo "========================================"
EOF

sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/dev-verify

11.2 运行验证

# 运行完整验证
sudo dev-verify

# 查看服务状态
dev-status

11.3 端口占用检查

# 查看所有相关端口
echo "=== 服务端口占用 ==="
sudo netstat -tlnp | grep -E ':(80|3306|6379|27017|3000|8174|8181|8182|8183|8184)'

附录：完整命令速查

服务管理命令

# Nginx
sudo systemctl {start|stop|restart|reload|status} nginx

# MySQL
sudo systemctl {start|stop|restart|status} mysql

# Redis
sudo systemctl {start|stop|restart|status} redis-server

# MongoDB
sudo systemctl {start|stop|restart|status} mongod

# PHP-FPM (替换 x.x 为具体版本)
sudo systemctl {start|stop|restart|status} phpx.x-fpm

版本切换命令

# 切换 PHP 版本
php-switch 8.2

# 切换 JDK 版本
jdk-switch 21

日志位置

文档完成
本手册涵盖了在全新 Ubuntu 24.04 系统上从零搭建完整开发环境的全部步骤。按照章节顺序执行即可成功部署。如遇问题，请参考第十章的常见问题解决方案。